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The Lion and Bull Monument

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The Lion and Bull Monument

The Venetian historian Sagrado, in his Memorie Istoriche de Monarchi Ottomani (1677), provides a detailed account of the famous Lion and Bull sculpture in Constantinople. According to him, the monument fell to the ground during an earthquake. He writes in Italian:

“In Constantinople, a stone lion, which stood outside the water-gate, held a bull with one fang. It originally faced east, but after the earthquake it turned to face west. Since it was perched on two columns, it fell along with the bull. One of the legs broke, and the head of the bull fell into the water, as if it were drinking Pietro Zen’s Detailed Description.”

This description clearly shows the dramatic effect of the earthquake on the sculpture and emphasizes its original placement above the shore, on tall columns. The lion and bull were arranged in a striking pose: the lion attacking the bull, a symbol of strength and power.

Comparison with Modern Observations

Interestingly, similar events in more recent history remind us how people have always interpreted the movement of monuments as meaningful. The Spectator, in its April 20, 1895 edition, reports the effects of earthquakes in Southern Austria, Northern Italy, and Hungary. It describes a statue of Emperor Charles in Trieste that had twisted on its pedestal and now faced the opposite direction. The article notes: “What an omen that would have been considered three hundred years ago!” This demonstrates that unusual movements of statues often attracted attention and were interpreted as signs, just as the Lion and Bull’s fall would have been centuries earlier.

Location of the Monument

Sagrado, like Zen before him, gives clear clues about the monument’s location. The Lion and Bull stood near a slaughter-house, beneath a row of three windows of a very ancient building. The building was decorated with lions at either end of the row, emphasizing its grandeur. The water-gate near which the sculpture stood is known as Tchatlady, a landmark recognized by the citizens of Constantinople Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Zen had previously described the same gate, noting that it was near the Hippodrome, on level ground below the racecourse. All details he provided—proximity to the Hippodrome, the windows, and the shore—match Sagrado’s later account, confirming both the monument’s site and orientation. The repeated observations from different centuries help historians locate the Bucoleon Harbour’s lion-and-bull sculpture with certainty.

Historical Importance

The Lion and Bull monument was more than decorative; it symbolized the imperial power and grandeur of Constantinople. Its placement near the Great Palace and along the Bucoleon Harbour made it a prominent sight for visitors and residents alike. Earthquakes and the natural decay of time have damaged the sculpture, but historical accounts from Zen, Sagrado, and others preserve its memory, offering insight into Byzantine art, architecture, and symbolism.

Pietro Zen’s Detailed Description

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Pietro Zen’s Detailed Description

The Venetian envoy Pietro Zen, in a report sent to his government in 1532, provides a detailed description of the famous Lion and Bull sculpture at Constantinople. Zen’s report is particularly important because it offers a first-hand observation of the monument after an earthquake, which had slightly displaced the figures. Many historians, including Von Hammer, quoted parts of Zen’s account but omitted crucial details that clearly identify the sculpture and its location.

The Original Text

The original Italian text, as Zen wrote it, describes the monument as follows: “At the gate where animals are slaughtered, near the columns of the Hippodrome, on the road below, called in Turkish Chiachadi Capisso, which in the Frank language means ‘Gate of the Crack,’ outside the water-gate and beneath three very ancient windows, with a lion on either side, down at the shore, on two columns, is a marble slab on which stands a large bull, much larger than life, attacked by a lion. The lion is mounted on the bull’s back, has thrown it down, and strikes at one of the bull’s horns with great force. The lion is larger than life and carved from a single piece of fine stone. These animals used to face Anatolia, but that night they appeared to turn their heads toward the city. The next morning, all the people ran to the place in astonishment, discussing the event, while a comet appeared in the sky for many nights Customized Istanbul Tours.”

This text is extremely precise and leaves no doubt that Zen observed the same Lion and Bull group previously mentioned by Anna Comnena and Zonaras.

Identification of the Monument

Zen’s description confirms both the subject and the location of the sculpture. The monument is unquestionably the marble group of the Lion attacking the Bull, which was one of the main ornaments of the Harbour of the Bucoleon. The details about the size of the animals, the single piece of marble, and the positioning on columns match earlier Byzantine accounts. Zen also emphasizes the extraordinary size of the figures, noting that the lion was “larger than life” and that the entire sculpture could not be moved by a thousand men.

Location Made Clear

The location is described with remarkable clarity. Zen states that the sculpture stood “on the quay outside the water-gate named Tchatlady Ivapou,” which was situated below the Hippodrome. He even specifies the nearby landmarks: the columns of the Hippodrome and three ancient windows. The description leaves no ambiguity, as he repeats and emphasizes key details to ensure readers could identify the precise site.

Public Reaction

Zen also reports the astonishment of the local population when they observed the earthquake had caused the heads of the lion and bull to turn toward the city. People gathered in crowds to witness the phenomenon and discussed its significance, while a comet appeared in the sky for several nights, adding a sense of wonder and superstition.

Historical Significance

This account is vital for historians and archaeologists. It confirms both the identity of the Lion and Bull sculpture and its exact position at the Bucoleon Harbour. Combined with earlier Byzantine records, Zen’s detailed observation allows us to reconstruct the grandeur and layout of the harbour with confidence The Marble Group of the Lion and the Bull.

The Marble Group of the Lion and the Bull

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The Marble Group of the Lion and the Bull

The famous marble sculpture of the lion attacking the bull is a key piece of evidence in locating the Harbour of the Bucoleon in Constantinople. The sculpture is mentioned in several historical sources, but the clearest description comes from Pietro Zen, a Venetian envoy to the Turkish court, who sent a report to the Venetian government in 1532. In his report, Zen described the monument in detail as he saw it after it had been affected by an earthquake The Lion and Bull Monument.

Misuse of Historical Sources

Historians have not always used Zen’s report correctly. Von Hammer, for example, quoted parts of the description but ignored other critical passages that help identify the exact location of the sculpture. Dr. Mordtmann recognized the importance of Zen’s account and used it more effectively, though he too omitted some details. The original manuscript of Zen’s report is preserved in the Marciana Library in Venice, among the unpublished archives of the Venetian Republic, providing a primary source for studying the Bucoleon Harbour and its decorations.

Description of the Sculpture

According to Zen’s report, the sculpture was located “at the gate where animals are slaughtered, near the columns of the Hippodrome, on the road below,” known in Turkish as Chiachadi Capisso, or “Gate of the Crack” in European languages. The sculpture stood outside the water-gate, beneath three ancient windows, with a lion carved at either end of the row.

The marble block supported a very large bull, much larger than life, being attacked at the throat by a lion. The lion is mounted on the bull’s neck and strikes forcefully at one of the bull’s horns. Both animals were carved from a single piece of fine-quality stone. Originally, the heads of the animals faced Asia, but during the earthquake they were observed to have turned toward the city.

Reaction and Interpretation

Zen noted that the next morning, the local population gathered at the site in amazement. People debated the meaning of the event according to their own beliefs, as it seemed extraordinary that such massive sculptures could move. The event coincided with the appearance of a comet in the sky, which added to the awe and superstition of the onlookers Customized Guided Turkey Tours.

Historical Significance

The description of the lion and bull sculpture provides both artistic and geographical insight. Artistically, it demonstrates the skill of Byzantine sculptors, who could create life-sized, dynamic figures from a single block of marble. Geographically, it confirms the location of the Bucoleon Harbour near the water-gate and the southern shore of Constantinople. By combining Zen’s report with archaeological findings, historians can accurately reconstruct the layout and grandeur of this imperial harbour.

The Influence of the Church of Saint George

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The Influence of the Church of Saint George

The Name “Braz Saint George”

From the Church of Saint George at the Mangana, medieval writers derived the name “Braz Saint George” for the Sea of Marmara and the Hellespont. This shows how famous and respected the church was, not only in Constantinople but throughout the Byzantine world. The name attached to these important waters reflects the strong connection between the church and maritime life, as well as the influence of religious landmarks on geographical terminology in the Middle Ages The Church and Monastery of Saint George at the Mangana.

Such naming practices were common at the time. Important churches and monasteries often gave their names to nearby districts, harbors, or even seas, especially when they were well known to sailors and pilgrims.

Emperor John Cantacuzene as a Monk

The monastery of the Mangana was also closely connected with imperial history. Emperor John VI Cantacuzene, after abdicating the throne, entered religious life and became a monk in the Monastery of Mangana. Upon taking monastic vows, he received the name Joasaph.

He remained there for some time, living in prayer and reflection, before seeking a more secluded life. Eventually, he withdrew to the famous Monastery of Vatopedi on Mount Athos, one of the most important centers of Orthodox monasticism. His choice of Mangana as his first place of retirement shows the high spiritual reputation of the monastery.

Demir Kapoussi A Later Gate

Continuing southward along the walls, the next entrance encountered is Demir Kapoussi. This gate is clearly a Turkish construction, although it may have replaced an older Byzantine gate at the same location. Such replacements were common after the Ottoman conquest, as existing entrances were repaired, modified, or rebuilt according to new defensive needs.

The Substructures near İncili Köşk

A little further south, arched buttresses can be seen built against the city walls. These structures once supported the villa known as İncili Köşk, which stood within the Seraglio grounds. These massive substructures show the careful engineering used to support buildings on uneven ground close to the walls.

Within these buttresses, a channel once carried water from a Holy Spring inside the city to the outside of the walls. This arrangement allowed Christians to reach the spring even after the Ottoman conquest, without entering the fortified area Tour Bulgaria.

The Holy Spring of the Church of the Saviour

This spring belonged to the Church of the Holy Saviour, long celebrated as a fountain of healing. Its reputation for curing illness was well established centuries before the Turkish conquest. Pilgrims from many lands visited the spring, seeking physical and spiritual healing.

One Russian pilgrim, writing during the rule of the Palaiologan dynasty, exclaimed that the place resembled the Pool of Solomon in Jerusalem, a comparison that shows the deep impression the shrine made on visitors.

Continuous Pilgrimage as Proof of Identity

There can be no serious doubt about the identity of this site. The memory of the Church of the Holy Saviour was preserved through annual pilgrimages made to the spring on the Feast of the Transfiguration. These pilgrimages continued from the time of the Ottoman conquest until 1821, when access to the spring was restricted because of political unrest.

Such long-lasting popular traditions provide strong historical evidence. Even when buildings disappear, customs and pilgrimages often preserve the memory of sacred places more faithfully than written records alone.

The area south of the Mangana thus remained a place of deep religious significance for many centuries. Through churches, monasteries, holy springs, and living traditions, the spiritual landscape of Byzantine Constantinople continued to influence both geography and popular devotion long after the fall of the empire.

The Church and Monastery of Saint George at the Mangana

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The Church and Monastery of Saint George at the Mangana

Location South of the Kynegion

A short distance south of the Kynegion stood one of the most important religious institutions of Byzantine Constantinople: the Church and Monastery of Saint George at the Mangana. Its full Greek name shows that it was dedicated to Saint George the Great Martyr and closely connected with the Mangana district.

This monastery was founded by Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus in the eleventh century. Contemporary writers describe it as one of the largest, richest, and most beautiful monasteries in the city. It played an important role not only in religious life but also in imperial politics and ceremonial life Bulgaria Tour.

Evidence for the Site of the Monastery

The exact location of the monastery can be identified by several clear historical clues. First, ancient sources state that the church stood opposite Chrysopolis, on the Asian shore of the Bosporus. Second, it was located near both the Mangana and the Kynegion, placing it firmly in the eastern part of the city, close to the sea walls.

Another important detail is that the monastery stood in the middle of open meadows. This information is especially valuable, because most parts of Constantinople were densely built. Only a few areas near the sea walls still had wide open land suitable for gardens and large courtyards.

Gardens, Hospital, and Open Courtyards

The monastery was not only a place of worship. It also included extensive gardens and a hospital, which served the sick and the poor. This combination of religious, charitable, and agricultural functions made it a self-contained complex.

The Spanish traveler Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, who visited Constantinople in the early fifteenth century, gives a vivid description. He notes that in front of the church there was a large open court, surrounded by gardens and houses. The church itself stood in the center of these gardens, creating a peaceful and spacious environment very different from the crowded streets of the city.

Why the Site Must Be South of the Kynegion

Such a large and open complex could only exist in a place where enough land was available. To the north of the Kynegion, the ground was narrow, crowded, and already filled with important buildings. There simply was not enough space for wide gardens, courtyards, and hospital buildings Değirmen Kapısı and the Southern Sea Walls.

In contrast, south of the Kynegion there was a broad plain. This open area perfectly matches the descriptions given by medieval writers and travelers. Therefore, historians agree that the monastery must have stood on this southern plain.

Confirmation from Russian Pilgrims

Further confirmation comes from the accounts of Russian pilgrims, who visited Constantinople in the later Byzantine period. They report that the Monastery of the Mangana lay west of the Church of the Holy Saviour.

Later evidence shows that the Church of the Holy Saviour stood near İncili Köşk. If the monastery was west of that point, it would again place it exactly on the open plain south of the Kynegion.

By combining information from Byzantine historians, foreign travelers, and pilgrims, the location of the Church and Monastery of Saint George at the Mangana can be determined with confidence. It stood south of the Kynegion, near the Mangana, facing Chrysopolis, and surrounded by gardens and open land.

This monastery was not only a religious center but also a symbol of imperial generosity and power. Its gardens, hospital, and impressive buildings made it one of the finest monastic foundations in Constantinople and an important landmark in the eastern part of the city.

Değirmen Kapısı and the Southern Sea Walls

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Değirmen Kapısı and the Southern Sea Walls

Moving South from the Gate of Saint Barbara

When we continue southward from the Gate of Saint Barbara, we come to another entrance in the sea walls known today as Değirmen Kapısı. The structure of this gate is clearly Byzantine in style, showing the same strong masonry and careful planning seen elsewhere along the Marmara walls. However, its original Greek name has been lost, and no ancient source preserves it.

Despite this loss, the gate remains an important landmark for understanding the layout and history of this part of the city The Influence of the Church of Saint George.

The Mangana Arsenal and Military Center

Between Değirmen Kapısı and the Gate of Saint Barbara once stood the Mangana, the great imperial arsenal of Constantinople. This complex was far more than a simple storehouse. It contained workshops for making and repairing weapons, large supplies of military equipment, and even a library of books on the art of war.

The location of the Mangana can be identified from the writings of Nicetas Choniates. He explains that the Mangana stood opposite a small rocky islet off the coast of Chrysopolis (modern Üsküdar). On this rock stands today the famous Kız Kulesi, also known as Leander’s Tower. This clear geographical reference allows historians to place the Mangana with confidence.

Towers and the Chain Across the Bosporus

Nicetas Choniates also records that Emperor Manuel Comnenus attempted to protect the city from naval attacks coming from the south. To do this, he ordered the construction of two great towers, between which a massive chain could be stretched across the Bosporus.

One of these towers, known as Damalis or Arcla, stood on the rock near Chrysopolis. The other tower was built directly opposite, close to the Monastery of the Mangana. Together, these towers formed a powerful barrier that could block enemy ships from entering the straits Bulgaria Private Tours.

The Tower of the Mangana

The Tower of the Mangana was especially strong. Contemporary writers describe it as capable of withstanding a siege by the entire city. Its strength made it a key position in times of civil war.

During the conflict between Apokaukos and Cantacuzene, the tower played a major role. Apokaukos held it with great determination, knowing that control of this tower meant control of an important part of the city’s defenses.

The Kynegion Arena and Place of Punishment

Behind Değirmen Kapısı, there is a hollow in the land, now used as market gardens. This depression marks the site of the Kynegion, an amphitheater built by Emperor Septimius Severus when he restored Byzantium after its destruction.

The Kynegion was used for animal combats, where wild beasts were made to fight for public entertainment. Such spectacles continued into the reign of Justinian the Great, who held games there to celebrate his consulship.

From Entertainment to Execution

In later times, the Kynegion took on a darker role. It became a place of execution for important political prisoners. One of the most dramatic events occurred when Justinian II regained the throne. After parading his enemies Leontius and Apsimarus in chains through the Hippodrome, he had them executed at the Kynegion. Before their deaths, he publicly humiliated them by placing his feet on their necks while watching the games.

The area around Değirmen Kapısı reveals many layers of Constantinople’s history. From military arsenals and mighty towers to arenas of entertainment and execution, this part of the city reflects both the power and the cruelty of imperial rule. Though much has disappeared, the written sources allow us to reconstruct the importance of this remarkable place.

The Bazaars of Stamboul A Truly Turkish Experience

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The Bazaars of Stamboul A Truly Turkish Experience

One of the most fascinating places in Constantinople (now Istanbul) is the bazaars of Stamboul, the old city. These marketplaces are uniquely Turkish and full of life, color, and history. They cover entire city blocks and are divided into narrow streets or corridors, which are vaulted or roofed to protect visitors and shopkeepers from the weather.

The shops, also called booths, line both sides of the corridors. Each shop is very small—usually just a single room, about 15 by 20 feet, with no windows or doors. At night, the front is closed with heavy wooden shutters, secured with iron bars for safety The Guilds of Constantinople A Living Tradition.

Small Shops and Special Products

Inside these little shops, shelves are built along the walls to display goods. Most merchants keep only a small stock, mainly samples of what they sell. Each shop usually specializes in one type of item. For example, one merchant might sell only silk shawls, another only calico fabrics, and a third only fezzes (traditional Turkish hats).

Shops selling the same type of product are grouped together, so there are areas for textiles, jewelry, copperware, and more. The shopkeepers often sit cross-legged inside their booths, calmly waiting for customers to stop by. There are hundreds of these merchants in each bazaar, all renting their spaces from the government Private Tours Balkan.

The bazaars are managed by a superintendent, who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior. This official is responsible for keeping the area clean and orderly.

A Marketplace of Endless Variety

You can walk for hours through the bazaars without crossing the same path twice. There are miles of corridors filled with amazing treasures. Some of the items you might find include:

Diamonds and precious stones

Carvings in ebony and other rare woods

Embroidered jackets and slippers

Jeweled pipes and elegant necklaces

Persian and Indian shawls

Silks from Damascus

Table covers from Bokhara

Brass and copper items with engraved designs

Old and new porcelain, perfumes, furs, and leathers

Every corner is filled with color, scent, texture, and history.

Bargaining Is a Tradition

One important rule in the bazaars: never accept the first price. Bargaining, or haggling, is a part of the culture. The shopkeeper expects you to negotiate. In fact, he would be disappointed if you agreed to the first price, because it takes away his chance to show off his skills in negotiation.

Locals advise that you should never pay more than half of the first price. If the seller doesn’t agree to your offer, just walk away. Almost always, he will follow you, ready to accept your price to make the sale.

A Unique Shopping Experience

The bazaars of Stamboul are not just places to shop—they are part of the city’s history, culture, and daily life. Visiting them is like stepping back in time. Whether you’re buying silk, spices, or souvenirs, you’ll be part of a tradition that has continued for centuries.

The Guilds of Constantinople A Living Tradition

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The Guilds of Constantinople A Living Tradition

In Constantinople (now Istanbul), many tradesmen and craftsmen still belong to traditional guilds. These guilds were once common all over Europe but disappeared in most countries due to the rise of modern industries and commercial systems. However, in Constantinople, where business still works in more traditional ways, the guilds continue to play a very important role.

These guilds are well-organized and carefully managed. Although there used to be around 600 different guilds, that number has now been reduced to about 275 through mergers. These guilds are officially registered at the Ministry of the Interior and together represent around 200,000 members Bulgaria Tours.

How the Guilds Work

The guilds operate in a way that is similar to labor unions in the United States. In Constantinople, no skilled worker can get a job unless he is a member of a guild and carries a membership card. Workers are grouped based on their skills and experience, which helps ensure that pay and responsibilities match a worker’s abilities. This is different from many labor unions in other countries, where everyone might receive the same wage, regardless of skill.

Each guild has a president and a council that oversee activities. The guilds collect money from their members through fees and also earn income from properties they own. These funds are mostly used for charity, such as helping sick members, supporting widows and orphans, and providing financial aid when needed The Historic Khans of Constantinople.

The Richest and Most Popular Guilds

Among all the guilds, the butchers’ guild is said to be the wealthiest, owning properties worth millions of dollars. The bakers and carpenters have the largest number of members. The trades are often divided in very specific and sometimes amusing ways. For example, there is a guild just for people who make straw-seated stools, which split off from the guild for straw-seated chairs.

There are even separate guilds for barbers. One guild is for barbers who work in shops, and another is for traveling barbers who visit homes, businesses, or serve customers in coffee houses and public places. These traveling barbers are more common, as many men in Constantinople prefer to be shaved at home or while relaxing at a coffeehouse—much like shoeshiners going from place to place in modern cities.

The Patrons of the Guilds

Each guild has a patron figure, usually taken from the Bible or religious tradition. These symbolic patrons represent the spirit or history of each trade. Some interesting examples include:

Adam – Patron of the bakers

Eve – Patron of the women who work in Turkish baths

Abel – Patron of shepherds

Cain – Patron of grave-diggers

Enoch – Patron of inkstand-makers

Noah – Patron of shipbuilders (very fitting!)

Elijah – Patron of fur coat tailors

It is unclear how each figure came to be connected with a particular trade, but these traditions have lasted for generations.

Guilds as the Backbone of the City

Even though the world is changing fast, the guilds of Constantinople continue to be a major part of daily life. They provide structure, support, and community to thousands of workers, while also preserving cultural traditions that date back hundreds of years.

The Historic Khans of Constantinople

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The Historic Khans of Constantinople

In old Constantinople (now Istanbul), there were around 180 khans — large, stone buildings designed to house traveling merchants. These structures are usually two stories tall, take up an entire city block, and are built around central courtyards, often decorated with trees and fountains. Many of these khans are very old. Some date back to the time of Emperor Constantine, and remarkably, they are still in use today The Bazaars of Stamboul A Truly Turkish Experience.

Lodging for Traveling Merchants

Khans were created to host merchants who traveled from faraway lands to sell their goods in the city. The Ottoman government supported this system by providing the merchants with free lodging and rooms to display their products, like a showroom or temporary office. These rooms allowed traders to both live and work in the same space for a certain period.

Each khan is managed by a steward. This person is the main authority within the building. He acts as a representative of the Sultan and the government, and he supervises everything inside the khan. The steward also oversees a team of workers who help keep the building running smoothly Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

Life Inside the Khan

A merchant from Persia, Russia, Turkestan, or any other region could go to a khan and ask for a room. If space was available, the steward would assign him one or more rooms for free. The merchant could stay there for a fixed time, and if no one else needed the space, he might even stay longer.

Most khans also had restaurants or kitchens where guests could eat. However, many merchants preferred to cook their own meals, and some even brought servants to help them during their stay.

Inside the khans, there was always a lot of activity. Merchants came and went, buyers browsed goods, and deals were made daily. Even though many of the buildings were dark, damp, and uncomfortable, they played a huge role in Constantinople’s trade and economy. They were like early versions of today’s business centers or trade hotels.

A Place for All

Merchants from all countries, religions, and social classes were welcome in the khans. Some traders returned to the same khan every time they visited the city, just like travelers today often stay in their favorite hotel. These long-standing relationships built trust between the traders and the khan’s managers, making each visit easier and more successful.

A Legacy of Commerce and Culture

The khans of Constantinople were more than just places to sleep—they were important centers of commerce, culture, and international exchange. They helped turn the city into one of the greatest trading hubs in the world, linking East and West through goods, stories, and shared traditions.

Identifying the Gate of Melantiados

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Identifying the Gate of Melantiados

There is good reason to believe that the gate known as Porta Melantiados (Πόρτα Μελαντιάδος) or Pyle Melandesia (Πύλη Μελανδεσίας) is the same as the well-known Gate of the Pege (Gate of the Spring). In the past, some scholars thought that the Porta Melantiados was the same as the next public gate, now called Yeni Mevlevihane Kapısı. However, that idea does not fit well with historical geography Gate of Selivria.

The Deuteron vs. Triton Districts

Historical sources clearly state that the Porta Melantiados was located in the district known as the Deuteron, which means “second.” On the other hand, the next public gate—Yeni Mevlevihane Kapısı—stood in the quarter called the Triton, named after the Third Military Gate. Since these two gates were in different parts of the city, they cannot be the same. That leaves only one strong possibility: Porta Melantiados must be the same as the Gate of the Pege.

The Gate’s Original Name

It is certain that the Gate of the Pege once had another name. The Holy Spring (Pege) only became famous during the reign of Emperor Leo I (ruled 457–474), which was almost 50 years after the Walls of Anthemius were built. Before that time, the gate must have had a different name—and Porta Melantiados would have been the most suitable.

Why the Name “Melantiados”?

The road leading from this gate went directly to Melantiada, a town located near Athyras (modern Büyükçekmece) on the way to Selivria (modern Silivri). Ancient Roman road maps, such as the Itinerary of Emperor Antoninus, refer to the town as Melantrada or Melanciada, about 19 Roman miles from Byzantium. This route was used by invading forces such as the Huns, Goths, and Avars, who often camped in Melantiada before attacking Constantinople Sofia City Tour.

A Site of Political Revenge

A dramatic event occurred at this gate in the year 450. Chrysaphius, the powerful and unpopular minister of Theodosius II, was murdered at the gate by the son of John the Vandal, who wanted revenge for his father’s execution. This incident made the gate a memorable place in Byzantine history.

Religious Sites Around the Gate

Some researchers believe that the Mosque of Hadim Ibrahim Pasha, which stands just inside the gate today, was built on the site of the Church of St. Anna, one of the important churches in the Deuteron district. However, others suggest it may be on the site of the Church of the SS. Notarii, which also stood close to the Porta Melantiados.

The evidence strongly supports that Porta Melantiados and the Gate of the Pege were the same gate. Its strategic location, connection to a major Roman road, and role in both political and religious history make it one of the most significant gates in the Theodosian Walls. Understanding its true identity helps us better grasp the layout and story of medieval Constantinople.

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